La historia registra muchos intentos reformadores de la iglesia católica, todos bajo la impronta de la reforma gregoriana del siglo XI que selló la condición absolutista del pontífice y el celibato de los sacerdotes, principalmente.
El tiempo transformó algunos conceptos del credo, ciertos ritos, estructuras y amplió jurisdicciones y más. Singulares, importantes y revisionistas fueron algunas encíclicas papales que pusieron el acento en las cuestiones sociales respondiendo a los extremos entre la inmensa riqueza de pocos y la enorme pobreza extrema de muchos cientos de millones de personas en todos los continentes.
El siglo pasado no fue ajeno a las crisis del papado ni a los intentos de más reformas. Es el siglo se inicia heredando a liberales, marxistas, anarquistas y otras corrientes de la filosofía política, es aquel que fusila al Zar y a toda su familia, el que conoce el horror de la Gran Guerra Mundial dado que la negociada paz en Paris y sellada con el Tratado de Versalles de 1919 jamás cerró heridas ni conflictos hasta el 7 de mayo de 1945 en que Alemania se rindió incondicionalmente ante los Aliados occidentales en Reims y el 9 de mayo ante los soviéticos en Berlín.
También es el primero en el que algunos países alcanzan el desarrollo,
El Papa que acaba de fallecer nace en 1927, fue hijo de un comisario de la gendarmería y de una cocinera de hoteles, los tres alemanes. De niño vivió cerca de la frontera austriaca, a 30 kilómetros de la ciudad que cultiva a Mozart como ninguna otra, Salzburgo.
Tras ser enrollado en el servicio civil del nazismo y culminar serios estudios de filosofía y teología en la Escuela superior de filosofía y teología de Freising y en la universidad de Munich, en Baviera, se consagró en 1951 como sacerdote.
La veritas, extraída de las sagradas escrituras nos hace libres. Así lo fundamentaba en la década de los 60’s cuando fue profesor de Teología Dogmática y Fundamental en Freising, en Bona y en Tubinga, comprendiendo de forma anticipada que era indispensable la transparencia vaticana por la inocultable crisis y la merma sus feligreses debido el crecimiento de los evangelistas y de otros credos en todas partes.
No deseaba cargos por su condición de consumado teólogo y profesor, entonces único sobreviviente con Hans Kung del Concilio Vaticano II, docta asamblea sorpresivamente convocada por quien fue ungido Papa en 1958 por su avanzada edad ante la falta de entendimiento entre conservadores y reformistas y para que su pontificado fuese breve, Juan XXIII, conocido como el Papa Bueno.
El Concilio acertó por impostergable y necesario causando una catarsis de proporciones e inició la lenta reconfiguración del colegio cardenalicio con la incorporación pausada de más americanos, asiáticos y africanos. Los italianos primero y los europeos después perdieron el control para elegir al sucesor de Pedro.
Paulo VI en 1977 designó a Ratzinger arzobispo de Múnich y él adoptó el lema “cooperadores de la veritas”, manteniéndolo ya creado cardenal por el mismo pontífice.
Joseph Cardenal Ratzinger jamás abandonó su vocación espiritual, produciendo decenas de obras teológicas y polemizando con el liberal Habermas sobre la compatibilidad de la fe con la razón, vieja discusión filosófica y teológica que arrastrábamos desde Copérnico y otros.
Ambos teólogos, Ratzinger y Habermas llegaron a concluir que sí eran compatibles tras casi tres décadas de intercambios y del cuestionamiento de la infalibilidad papal por cuenta del sacerdote suizo y teólogo católico suizo Hans Küng en su prolífica, voluminosa y sísmica obra “Si Dios existe”.
Cuando el viejo profesor fue ungido Papa siguió con su verdadera vocación resumida en tres profundas encíclicas. Su pontificado, comenzó en el 2005 y duró 8 años; le pesó mucho la cruz del Gólgota.
Abdicó declarándose carente de fuerzas para la inmensa tarea entre manos y por la traición de un colaborador personal que se hizo de su correspondencia personal. No pudo ser teólogo y gestor a la vez.
Abdicando, cerrando espacio para encubrir y fulminando el egoísmo, las divisiones y las luchas por el poder, hechos graves y tristes recogidos en el informe secreto de tres cardenales no electores, nos ofreció una lectio magistralis de humildad, grandeza, de dignidad y de trascendencia. Por cierto, una decisión dura, radical, bávara.
Así, San Pedro sufrió un cataclismo cuyo epicentro aún se encuentra en sus catacumbas y cimientos, basílica renacentista cuyas diez capillas subterráneas no alcanzaron entonces para evitar y soportar los horrores y la publicidad que obligaron al sinceramiento vaticano y a atender centenas de causas de pedofilia por cuenta de sacerdotes y cuyos daños y crímenes jamás podrán ser compensados con dinero.
Benedicto XVI no pudo dejar de meditar acerca del catolicismo y de la necesidad del ecumenismo. Vivimos un tibio ecumenismo entre las tres religiones abrahámicas y también con otras manifestaciones de la fe.
Pocos cataron el talante de quien siempre fue tímido y que no despertó en vida admiración mundial y menos el calor de las masas. Sin embargo, la memoria comenzará a recordarnos la magnitud trascendental de su legado.
En la herencia del Papa Emérito, dignidad que estrenó, puedo destacar la supresión del limbo, el impulso a las misas en latín, la apertura de la Iglesia romana a los tradicionalistas anglicanos incorporando a sacerdotes ya casados ante la escasez de vocación sacerdotal entre católicos y la lucha contra el blanqueo de dinero, entre otros.
Benedicto XVI nos brindó esperanzas y dejó al sucesor el reto y debate sobre el papel de la mujer en la Iglesia, el lugar de los divorciados, el celibato voluntario, la transparencia real de las cuentas vaticanas, la purificación de la memoria, y finalmente, una relación más estrecha con otras grandes religiones monoteístas.
El museo de la Reforma, único y situado frente a la catedral de Ginebra desafiándola, muestra un frondoso árbol genealógico del cristianismo, imagen muy conmovedora que el fallecido pontífice reconoció y vivió en vida; recordemos que Alemania, su tierra natal es un crisol de credos cristianos.
El catolicismo acarrea desde siempre graves problemas y serias acusaciones, no es novedad, pero es injusto y falto de verdad atribuir los males ultramontanos sólo a Roma. Es el hombre con sotana quien comete crímenes e injusticias. El cambio positivo es el triunfo progresivo del bien dado a novedad de la publicidad y muy especialmente porque las conciencias heridas ya no callan para que otros no vivan sus calvarios.
Benedicto XVI fue el 265.° papa y el séptimo soberano de la Ciudad del Vaticano, desde el 19 de abril de 2005 hasta que abdica el 28 de febrero de 2013.
El impacto de su impotencia fue y es mayúsculo por la profundidad de su condición humana. Quiso un funeral austero, pero millones de personas mañana lo despedirán y honrarán en unas pompas fúnebres presididas por un Papa, hecho también histórico como su pontificado y abdicación.
Artículo publicado el 01 de enero de 2023 en el diario La Primera
Artículo replicado el 02 de enero de 2023 en International Press
Artículo replicado el 03 de enero de 2023 en En Segundos, Panamá
Artículo replicado el 05 de enero de 2023 en La Estrella de Panamá
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