“Si podemos vacar la presidencia, deberíamos poder revocar un mandato congresal mediante diversos mecanismos”.
Los congresos no son populares en muchas partes y el nuestro se enloda con el transfuguismo que, “normalizado”, produce arcadas de estupor por su doblez y su deslealtad con el elector.
En este contexto, resulta muy difícil concordar mínimos de convivencia política y social y, de lograrlos, poco después el petardeo sin pausa está asegurado. Acuerdo, pero incumplo; voto, pero no sostengo.
De nada sirve jurar por la vigente Constitución o por la “Constitución histórica”, aludiendo a la que tiene la impronta de Haya de la Torre. Entre la vigente y la anterior no existe diferencia sustantiva en derechos sociales y ninguna referida al principio de autoridad. Es más, no existe Constitución alguna que abdique de ejercer la autoridad. Sería una ‘sui negatio’.
En correlación, pretender disolver el principio de autoridad y cometer una amplia gama de delitos perfora cualquier contrato social. Intentarlo nos transporta al pasado, al “homo ignorare”, aquel que todo ignora escogiendo la barbarie al quemar vivo a un policía en vez de dialogar por aquello que se estima justo. Sus medios deslegitiman sus fines.
Ahora bien, un tópico, por demás polémico, que desnaturaliza el principio de representatividad es el llamado mandato imperativo.
Según deliberaciones ofrecidas por Rousseau, la soberanía popular es la sumatoria de las fracciones individuales de soberanía que los ciudadanos le otorgamos al elegido y que no deben ser arrebatadas a los electores.
Así, ese atributo nos conduce a la relación del mandante o elector con el mandatado o elegido. En la práctica, el mandato imperativo se debería condicionar a la voluntad del elector; relación especialmente vinculante cuanto más pequeña es la jurisdicción electoral.
El mandato imperativo no implica solamente que el elegido debe ajustarse a las instrucciones de sus electores y a los ofrecimientos que hizo para resultar electo, sino también que sus electores dispongan de mecanismos sancionadores si el congresista no cumple con su mandato, salvo cuando medien cuestiones de conciencia debidamente explicadas.
Se sostiene con frecuencia que las elecciones constituyen garantía suficiente para que los elegidos representen fielmente la voluntad de sus electores. Esto no es cierto en nuestro país. La continua promiscuidad congresal goza de espléndida salud. Reina la impunidad del tránsfuga en detrimento del voto popular.
Es más, el reglamento del Congreso incentiva el transfuguismo porque cinco congresistas sueltos pueden constituir una bancada con derecho a participar en varias instancias deliberativas o decisorias del primer poder del Estado.
En nuestro país, dado el enorme fraccionamiento del sistema de partidos políticos, la casi inexistente estructura territorial –salvo en períodos electorales–, la libertad absoluta con la que se desenvuelven los congresistas, la escasa valoración del desempeño congresal y triturado el mandato recibido al sostener los congresistas que no están sujetos a mandato imperativo, resulta en un reñido divorcio con los electores. Unos y otros nos miramos de reojo y esquinados.
No es ocioso preguntarse acaso si, estando alineados con el sentir generalizado, no es momento de cuestionar y debatir el dichoso mandato imperativo. No digo reformar, por las circunstancias excepcionales que no tienen cuándo bien acabar, tan solo comenzar a ponerle la puntería.
Si podemos vacar la presidencia, deberíamos poder revocar un mandato congresal mediante diversos mecanismos. Hoy solo enuncio uno: mediante el acuerdo de una mayoría absoluta del órgano más representativo del partido que lo postuló tras lo cual asume el accesitario de la lista.
En al menos 25 estados de los Estados Unidos, un referente democrático, encontramos diversos dispositivos constitucionales y legales que permiten a los electores procesar la remoción de los elegidos. Con esta columna pretendo abrir un debate que pueda permitirnos, a la postre, darle atea sepultura al transfuguismo.
Artículo publicado el 02 de febrero de 2023 en el diario El Comercio, Lima, Perú
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